This chapter discusses descriptive research on.

Verkkothe research literature on misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda is vast and sprawling.

As we set it out here,.

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Verkkowe propose deception as a bridging concept that will enhance the study of misinformation, disinformation, and misperceptions.

Verkkothis paper explores the characteristics of misinformation content compared to factual news—the “fingerprints of misinformation”—using 92,112.

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